Deep blue chess games
Main article: Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparovĭeep Blue and Kasparov played each other on two occasions. The system can combine its big searching ability (200 million chess positions per second) with the summary information in the extended book to select opening moves. “extended book.” The extended book summarizes previous Grandmaster games in any of the several million opening positions in its game database. It creates an additional database called the ĭeep Blue takes an approach using the opening information in its database.
#DEEP BLUE CHESS GAMES PC#
However, Kasparov studied many popular PC games to become familiar with computer gameplay in general. When Kasparov requested that he be allowed to study other games that Deep Blue had played so as to better understand his opponent, IBM refused. The opening library was provided by grandmasters Miguel Illescas, John Fedorowicz, and Nick de Firmian. Before the second match, the program's chess knowledge was fine-tuned by grandmaster Joel Benjamin. The endgame database contained many six-piece endgames and five or fewer piece positions. In the opening book there were over 4,000 positions and 700,000 grandmaster games. The evaluation function had been split into 8,000 parts, many of them designed for special positions. The system determined the optimal values for these parameters by analyzing thousands of master games. ĭeep Blue's evaluation function was initially written in a generalized form, with many to-be-determined parameters (e.g., how important is a safe king position compared to a space advantage in the center, etc.).
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In June 1997, Deep Blue was the 259th most powerful supercomputer according to the TOP500 list, achieving 11.38 GFLOPS on the High-Performance LINPACK benchmark. It was capable of evaluating 200 million positions per second, twice as fast as the 1996 version. Its chess playing program was written in C and ran under the AIX operating system. It was a massively parallel, RS/6000 SP Thin P2SC-based system with 30 nodes, with each node containing a 120 MHz P2SC microprocessor enhanced with 480 special purpose VLSI chess chips. The system derived its playing strength mainly from brute force computing power. Design ĭeep Blue used custom VLSI chips to execute the alpha-beta search algorithm in parallel, an example of GOFAI (Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence). In round 5, Deep Blue prototype played as White and lost to Fritz. The Deep Blue prototype played Wchess to a draw. In 1995, "Deep Blue prototype" played in the 8th World Computer Chess Championship. After a scaled-down version of Deep Blue-Deep Blue Jr.-played Grandmaster Joel Benjamin, Hsu and Campbell decided that Benjamin was the expert they were looking for to develop Deep Blue's opening book, and Benjamin was signed by IBM Research to assist with the preparations for Deep Blue's matches against Garry Kasparov. Īfter Deep Thought's 1989 match against Kasparov, IBM held a contest to rename the chess machine: the winning name was "Deep Blue", a play on IBM's nickname, "Big Blue". The team was first managed by Randy Moulic, followed by Chung-Jen (C J) Tan. Jerry Brody, a long-time employee of IBM Research, was recruited to the team in 1990. Anantharaman subsequently left IBM for the finance industry, and Arthur Joseph Hoane joined the team to perform programming tasks. Hsu and Campbell joined IBM in fall 1989, with Anantharaman following later. After graduating the university, Hsu, Thomas Anantharaman, and Murray Campbell were asked by IBM Research to continue their project to build a chess machine that could defeat a world champion.
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The project started under the name ChipTest at Carnegie Mellon University by Feng-hsiung Hsu and was followed by ChipTest's successor, Deep Thought.